On your answer document indicate the letter of the response which best answers the question or completes the prompt.

1.	Thomas Edison's contribution to the search for cheap and efficient indoor lighting was the	
	A)  fluorescent lamp.    B)  arc light.    C)  incandescent bulb.    D)  gaseous-discharge bulb.	

2.	The development of the southern textile industry was aided by which of the following?	
A)	The use of electric looms	
B)	An abundance of water to power the drive shafts for machines	
C)	Cheap immigrant labor	
D)	The use of profit sharing to encourage worker productivity	

3.	The economic advantages available to large factories are known as	
A)	the Peter principle.	C)	supply-side economics.	
B)	the economics of abundance.	D)	economies of scale.	

4.	One of the effects of the work of Frederick W. Taylor was that	
A)	automation was reduced because of its harmful impact on workers.	
B)	time, as much as quality, became the measure of acceptable work.	
C)	respect for the traditional craftsperson increased.	
D)	costs of production increased.	

5.	Under Frederick W. Taylor's theory of scientific management,	
A)	workers' skills came to be valued more highly.	
B)	workers increasingly controlled the pace and scale of production.	
C)	workers were encouraged to shift frequently from one task to another.	
D)	workers became another kind of interchangeable part.	

6.	American workers traditionally considered themselves producers, but during the late nineteenth century they became employees. Which of the following statements best expresses the difference between the two?	
A)	Producers are paid on the basis of the quantity produced; employees are paid on the basis of the quality of what they produce.	
B)	Producers are paid on the basis of the time they spend on the job; employees are paid on the basis of efficiency.	
C)	Producers are paid on the basis of the quality of what they produce; employees are paid on the basis of the time they spend on the job.	
D)	Producers are paid on the basis of how quickly they can perform a given task; employees are paid on the basis of the time they spend on the job.	

7.	Before Ford Motor Company employees could receive the benefits of the Five-Dollar-Day plan, they had to	
A)	meet the company's behavior code.	
B)	join the company-sponsored union.	
C)	live in company-owned housing.	
D)	meet quality control standards in their daily work.	

8.	Many employers cut wage costs in the late nineteenth century by	
A)	eliminating pension plans.	C)	eliminating health insurance plans.	
B)	hiring skilled workers.	D)	hiring women and children.	

9.	Why did the proportion of women working in clerical jobs increase in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?	
A)	Clerical jobs offered better pay and working conditions than factory jobs, so women prepared themselves for these jobs by taking typing and shorthand in school.	
B)	Because women had smaller hands than men, they were better typists.	
C)	Clerical work demanded many different skills that women usually possessed.	
D)	Clerical jobs usually led to the managerial positions that most working women desired.	

10.	In practice the "freedom of contract" meant that	
A)	employers increased workers' wages as the cost of living increased.	
B)	employers did not have to raise wages as long as there were people who would accept low pay.	
C)	wages automatically increased as profits increased.	
D)	employers recognized the right of workers to bargain collectively.	

11.	In Holden v. Hardy the Supreme Court	
A)	struck down a law limiting the working hours of miners.	
B)	upheld a law limiting the working hours of miners.	
C)	decided that miners were in violation of the Sherman Act.	
D)	ruled that mine owners had no responsibility for the safety of their employees.	

12.	In Muller v. Oregon the Supreme Court	
A)	upheld a law limiting working hours for women.	
B)	reaffirmed its earlier Lochner decision.	
C)	affirmed that states could regulate working hours for both men and women.	
D)	upheld the right of states to regulate child labor.	

13.	The Supreme Court's decision in Muller v. Oregon resulted in women being	
A)	barred from many occupations.	
B)	paid substantially more than before.	
C)	hired for the first time in many occupations.	
D)	hired in preference to men for many occupations.	

14.	Which of the following conclusions may be drawn from the facts surrounding the general railway strike of 1877?	
A)	If all else failed, the federal government could be counted on to put down labor unrest.	
B)	The success of a strike depended on the level of violence among the strikers.	
C)	Employers could cut working hours and lay off workers without fear of repercussions.	
D)	Laborers in one area had little sympathy for laborers in other areas.	

15.	Which of the following is true of the Knights of Labor under the leadership of Terence Powderly?	
A)	It sought to establish a cooperative society by building an alliance among all workers.	
B)	It changed its name to the American Federation of Labor in 1886.	
C)	It instigated the Haymarket riot.	
D)	It refused membership to blacks and women.	

16.	As a result of the Haymarket bombing,	
A)	President Cleveland sent federal troops to Chicago to protect working-class demonstrators.	
B)	many people associated labor unions with foreign-born radicals.	
C)	the Illinois state legislature banned labor unions.	
D)	many major corporations gave in to workers' demands for an eight-hour day.	

17.	The American Federation of Labor	
A)	demanded the end of capitalism and the establishment of socialism.	
B)	greatly expanded its membership by permitting all workers, skilled and unskilled alike, to join.	
C)	wanted to create a utopian system based on the writings of Henry George.	
D)	was a craft union with practical objectives such as higher wages and shorter hours.	

18.	The 1894 Pullman strike was touched off by George Pullman's decision to	
A)	cut wages.	C)	close his company town.	
B)	lay off one-third of his work force.	D)	withhold stock dividends.	

19.	President Grover Cleveland responded to the 1894 Pullman strike by	
A)	offering to serve as a mediator.	C)	intervening on the side of labor.	
B)	remaining uninvolved and doing nothing.	D)	intervening on the side of management.	

20.	Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of the Industrial Workers of the World?	
A)	Workers should take over and run the nation's industries.	
B)	Workers should not resort to strikes or violence.	
C)	Workers should align themselves with the Democratic party.	
D)	Workers should organize themselves into craft unions.	

21.	In the early 1900s, such established national unions as the AFL	
A)	welcomed women.	C)	supported the goals of women workers.	
B)	excluded women.	D)	organized special chapters for women.	

22.	Which of the following is true of the Telephone Operators' Department of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers?	
A)	Out of the belief that they were detrimental to the cause of all workers, its leaders stood against strikes.	
B)	Its leaders were socialists who wanted the federal government to nationalize the Bell system.	
C)	It urged the Bell system to adopt the theories of Frederick Taylor.	
D)	It was dominated by women.	

23.	The assumption of leadership positions within the Women's Trade Union League by Agnes Nestor, Rose Schneiderman, and Mary Anderson was an indication that control of the union had shifted to	
A)	anarchists who advocated a violent war against the capitalist system.	
B)	nonmilitant middle-class women.	
C)	forceful working-class women.	
D)	recently arrived immigrants.	

24.	The rate at which Americans consumed oranges in 1921 as compared to their 1899 consumption rate indicates that in the early twentieth century	
A)	America was becoming a more affluent society.	
B)	the average age of Americans was declining.	
C)	European food imports increased dramatically.	
D)	the American diet was becoming less nutritious.	

25.	Between 1890 and 1910 the annual income of most American industrial workers	
A)	was consistently lower than that of farm laborers.	
B)	was consistently higher than that of college professors.	
C)	steadily declined, causing many to fall into poverty.	
D)	increased, but it did not keep pace with increases in the cost of living.	

26.	Which of the following is true of the growth of the American labor force between 1890 and 1920?	
A)	There was an increase in paid employment but not necessarily an increase in the proportion of Americans who were working.	
B)	There was a great increase in the proportion of Americans who were working.	
C)	Women and children worked for the first time.	
D)	There was a substantial increase in the number of agricultural workers.	

27.	Which of the following factors explains why upward mobility was more accessible to people in the early 1900s than it had been in 1880?	
A)	The strength of organized labor	
B)	The spread of public education	
C)	The decline of lower-paying jobs in service industries	
D)	The increase in jobs requiring skilled workers	

28.	The widespread use of the indoor toilet is an example of the	
A)	effectiveness of modern advertising.	C)	traditional modesty of Americans.	
B)	effectiveness of state health regulations.	D)	democratization of convenience.	

29.	Which of the following was most important in making preserved, canned goods more available to consumers, even those who were remote from markets?	
A)	An increase in agricultural production	
B)	A rise in the price of agricultural goods	
C)	The invention of machines that could mass-produce tin cans	
D)	The movement of population to the countryside	

30.	Breakfast food was revolutionized in the late nineteenth century by the invention of	
	A)  Corn Flakes    B)  Oatmeal.    C)  Concentrated juices.    D)  Condensed milk.	

31.	Which of the following is true of the diet of American workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?	
A)	Lack of variety caused severe malnutrition among most workers.	
B)	Meat was readily available to most working-class families.	
C)	Food cost the average worker about one-half of his or her income.	
D)	Few workers could afford fresh fruits or dairy products.	

32.	For which of the following reasons was the early twentieth century a transitional point with regard to women's fashions?	
A)	The abandonment of the corset caused women to become less concerned with waist size.	
B)	American women began to show their preference for more restrictive Victorian styles.	
C)	High-boned collars became standard on almost all dresses.	
D)	Designers began to use less fabric and place more emphasis on comfort.	

33.	Advertising is necessary in a society in which	
A)	the population is broadly distributed and most practice subsistence living.	
B)	supply is greater than demand.	
C)	there is little industrialization and even less urbanization.	
D)	there are few goods and a great deal of money.	

34.	Corporations received broad judicial protection in the 1880s and 1890s when the Supreme Court ruled that	
A)	stockholders were not liable for a corporation's debts.	
B)	corporations were covered as individuals under the Fourteenth Amendment.	
C)	the Bill of Rights prevented the government from interfering with corporate activity.	
D)	general incorporation laws were constitutional.	

35.	In the search for economic order and stability, many corporation managers of the late nineteenth century	
A)	urged Congress to pass wage and price controls.	
B)	argued in favor of a regulatory commission for all industry.	
C)	sought new and larger forms of economic concentration.	
D)	sought lower tariffs.	

36.	The main problem with pools was that	
A)	too often members sued each other for violation of the agreement creating the pool.	
B)	they did not increase profits.	
C)	the Interstate Commerce Act made them illegal precisely when they were most important.	
D)	there was no legal way to enforce the “gentlemen's agreement” that created the pool.	

37.	Which of the following is true of holding companies?	
A)	They had no existence in the eyes of the law.	
B)	They held capital for pending investments.	
C)	They owned partial or complete interest in other companies.	
D)	They controlled the assets of bankrupt companies.	

38.	Advocates of Social Darwinism believed that	
A)	the government should use its power to tax to bring about a more equitable distribution of wealth.	
B)	the government should protect the weak in society by regulating industry.	
C)	wealth is a mark of well-deserved power and responsibility.	
D)	wealth carries no responsibilities except to get more of it.	

39.	One of the inconsistencies of those who believed in Social Darwinism was their	
A)	opposition to unions and to government attempts to regulate working conditions.	
B)	desire for government assistance to business, which flew in the face of “survival of the fittest.”	
C)	belief in government aid and assistance to agriculture.	
D)	unwillingness to apply to society the principles of scientific management that they used in their factories.	

40.	Tariffs in the late nineteenth century	
A)	were bitterly criticized by Social Darwinists.	
B)	did little to aid American businessmen.	
C)	almost destroyed the American manufacturing system.	
D)	kept prices for many products at artificially high levels.	

41.	Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of writers who criticized the trusts?	
A)	Trusts keep prices artificially low.	
B)	Trusts disrupt the natural economic order by encouraging government regulation.	
C)	Trusts are unnatural because they originated from greed.	
D)	Trusts create disorder in the marketplace by increasing competition.	

42.	Henry George, the author of Progress and Poverty (1879), claimed that	
A)	tariffs benefited labor as much as business.	
B)	the only way to achieve social justice was by abolishing private property.	
C)	a single land tax, based on the rise in land values, would end profiteering by land speculators.	
D)	only a rigidly enforced income tax on the wealthy could provide the revenue necessary to end poverty.	

43.	Unlike Henry George and Lester Ward, Edward Bellamy	
A)	strongly criticized Social Darwinism.	
B)	favored government ownership and management of the means of production.	
C)	criticized government as a negative force in society.	
D)	did not believe that humans could shape the course of nature.	

44.	During the late nineteenth century, states that passed laws against trusts and monopolies	
A)	found that such laws caused economic depression because businesses fled to other states.	
B)	were so successful that most people believed national legislation to be unnecessary.	
C)	were mostly in the agricultural South and West.	
D)	enacted such laws in the face of great popular opposition to them.	

45.	Which of the following is true of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?	
A)	It posed as much of a threat to small businessmen as to large corporations.	
B)	It lacked precision and definition as to what constituted a restraint of trade.	
C)	It brutally destroyed American agriculture by defining any farm of more than 500 acres as a monopoly.	
D)	It was enforceable at the discretion of business bureaus in state governments.	

Essay Questions:  Select ONE essay topic. Outline your Essay.  Thesis (three sections); blueprint (rule of 3) to be used to write body paragraph topic sentences.  For each topic sentence (rule of 3) provide evidence to support your topic sentence and your essay thesis.
Essay Thesis
     I.  Topic Sentence
         A.  Evidence
         B.  Evidence
         C.  Evidence
    II.   Topic Sentence
         A.  Evidence
         B.  Evidence
         C.  Evidence
   III.   Topic Sentence
         A.  Evidence
         B.  Evidence
         C.  Evidence

46.	Discuss the contributions of technology and science to industrial growth in the United States.	

47.	Examine the grievances of workers in the late nineteenth century, the means by which they sought redress of their grievances, and the effectiveness of those means.	

48.	Discuss the Haymarket riot, the Homestead strike, and the Pullman strike, and examine the reaction of the government and the public to these instances of labor unrest.	

49.	Discuss the impact of the indoor toilet and mass-produced tin cans on Americans of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.	

50.	Explain the philosophy advanced by wealthy American businessmen to justify their wealth and power in the late nineteenth century. What did they believe to be the role of government in relation to factory conditions and labor unions? How and why did this position stand in contrast to their beliefs about government subsidies, loans, and tax relief to business interests?	

51.	What groups and institutions represent the forces of good and evil in American society? Answer this question from the point of view of John D. Rockefeller on the one hand and Edward Bellamy on the other hand.	

52.	Examine the growing demand in the late nineteenth century that something be done about the power of big business; indicate the result of this demand; and assess the effectiveness of this result in controlling big business by 1900.